Whilst either bootstrapping or extending the runlist of a target node which requires creating/mapping user ID/groups you may observe the following errors:

Win32::TaskScheduler::Error: register_task_definition: No mapping between account names and security IDs was done.

Read on in the Resolution section for the answer. 

A few points that we would suggest checking are:

• The IDs/groups are unavailable on the target instance. They either need to be added prior to making associations through Chef or available as part of the base install image.
• The IDs/groups are managed by some other process in parallel to chef ( SCCM/DSC or another config mgmt process that touches the nodes )
• The chef bootstrap process itself has failed part way through an initial run and a subsequent clean bootstrap allows the completion of the bootstrap process which ensures any custom groups/users are created. This could also be a day zero task in a runlist on the chef side where by the IDs/groups are created but it is only fired through a bootstrap override_runlist which has not been completed due to the prior failures you observed.

If this has occurred without making any necessary changes managed by the chef-client then we would suggest reaching out to the Windows administrator within your organization to ascertain whether any changes in either base images or configuration have been made and now render the cookbook code which previously worked as defunct.